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Mortgage Loan Costs: Magnitude and Drivers of Variation

Arthur Acolin & Rebecca J. Walter (2023). Mortgage Loan Costs: Magnitude and Drivers of Variation. Housing Policy Debate, DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2236984

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Abstract

This article uses national data disclosed as part of the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) to examine variations in loan costs based on type of loan, borrower, purpose (purchase, improvement, or refinance), and neighborhood characteristics. Loan costs are generally higher for nonconventional conforming loans with higher levels of credit risks (loans with higher combined loan-to-value, higher debt-to-income ratios, and for investment properties). This implies that product and borrower risk impact loan costs. However, borrower characteristics such as income and race/ethnicity are also associated with differences in loan costs even after controlling for loan characteristics, location, and lender fixed effects. Total loan costs are higher both in dollar terms and as a share of the loan amount for Black borrowers and Hispanic borrowers, and total loan costs represent a higher share of the loan amount for lower income borrowers. These disparities are larger in neighborhoods with higher levels of lender concentration and implicit racial bias. These findings suggest that in addition to access to mortgages and interest rates, loan costs can represent a barrier for access to homeownership with a disparate impact for Black and Hispanic borrowers, which contributes to perpetuate the homeownership gap.

Keywords

Mortgage loan costs; homeownership; borrowing constraints; homeownership gap

February 2022 Inspire Fund Awardees: Progress and Products

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Keith Leung

Research Interests: Mortgage, risk, demographics, finance and investment

Jeff McCann

Jeff McCann has a breadth of experience in construction management, real estate sales, and development. He is the founder and owner of Outdoor Perspectives LLC, a land-use consulting company that helps clients navigate the complexities of land acquisition, feasibility and entitlement issues. Jeff has assisted clients in the development of over a thousand acres of land in the Puget Sound region and helped facilitate other major development projects across the state. He has also been a licensed real estate broker for more than 25-years.

Before pivoting into development, Jeff spent many years in construction management. As a third-generation dirt contractor, his family originally started out with two horses and a flatbed wagon hauling dirt in the Kent valley. Jeff is a lifelong Husky having earned three degrees from the UW. He holds a Bachelor’s of Science in Building Construction (BCON) (1994), a Master’s of Science in Construction Management (2000), and a Master’s of Science in Real Estate (2021).

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